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Antiochus III.) The Romans won a difficult war with King Nabis of Sparta. Like Philip, Nabis kept his throne, but he was not allowed to dominate other cities in southern Greece and so provided a balance of power with Rome's ally, the Achaean League. In 194 all Roman troops were withdrawn from Greece, where Flamininus was given divine honours. In Rome he celebrated an unprecedented three-day triumph (Livy 34.52), and the Greeks erected a bronze statue with a Greek inscription for him. Flamininus's success was built on an ambiguity. For Greeks the proclamation of freedom meant self-rule, but in Roman law a freed slave (libertus) became the client of his former master and still owed his patron respect and political obedience. In 193 Antiochus was invited into Greece by the Aetolians, still smarting from the frustration of their ambitions by Flamininus. When Antiochus refused to withdraw, Flamininus announced that Rome's next mission was the liberation of the Greek cities of Asia. The victorious war was fought by Scipio Africanus and his brother, but Flamininus remained active in diplomacy, rewarding his friends of the Achaean League and annexing Zacynthus for Rome. He was elected censor for 189. In 183 he was sent on a diplomatic mission to negotiate a peace treaty with Prusias I of Bithynia. (Prusias had remained neutral during Rome's war with Antiochus only to see control of Phrygia given to Rome's ally Eumenes II of Pergamum.) Flamininus not only confirmed the transfer of Phrygia to Pergamum, but he also demanded the surrender of Hannibal, who had served Prusias against Rome, because he had served Antiochus. Hannibal committed suicide rather than surrender to the Romans. Flamininus worked with the Senate to name Demetrius, Philip's younger son, as his heir instead of his older son, Perseus. According to Polybius, Philip was shown a letter from Flamininus promising Demetrius the throne (though the Roman historian Livy expresses his belief that the letter was forged), and Philip reluctantly put Demetrius to death (181). This diplomatic failure was the last that was heard of Flamininus until his death in 174. Flamininus developed the policy of turning the cities, leagues, and kingdoms of the Hellenistic world into the clients of Rome and of himself, a policy that became the basis of the Roman hegemony of the Mediterranean. The Greeks were freed, but, like Roman freedmen, they were expected to follow Rome's explicit instructions and even implicit hints. Flamininus initially won almost unbounded devotion by his charm, intelligence, and knowledgeable admiration for Greek culture, but in the end he aroused hostility by his unscrupulous interference in Greek politics. By both his strengths and faults, he laid the foundation for the Roman domination of the Greek world. E. Badian
Roman general and statesman To cite this page: (Greek: Dogs' Heads ), ancient range of hills in Thessaly, Greece, 7 miles (11 km) west of modern V los. It was the site of the victory (197 BC) that ended the Second Macedonian War when the Romans under Titus Quinctius Flamininus defeated Philip V of Macedon. The combat engaged about 26, 000 men on each side. The outcome hung in the balance, each side prevailing on its ... Nabis last ruler (207 192) of an independent Sparta. Nabis carried on the revolutionary tradition of Kings Agis IV and Cleomenes III. Since ancient accounts of him are mainly abusive, the details of his laws remain obscure, but it is certain that he confiscated a great deal of property and enfranchised many helots (Spartan serfs). He undoubtedly was not the monster depicted by ... Philip V king of Macedonia from 221 to 179, whose attempt to extend Macedonian influence throughout Greece resulted in his defeat by Rome. His career is significant mainly as an episode in Rome's expansion. The son of Demetrius II and his wife Phthia (Chryseis), the young prince was adopted, after his father's death in 229, by his half-cousin Antigonus Doson, who took the throne. ... Roman expansion in the eastern Mediterranean from the ancient Rome article Just before the Second Punic War, Rome had projected its power across the Adriatic Sea against the Illyrians. As noted, Philip V of Macedon in turn had joined the Carthaginians for a time during the war in an attempt to stem the tide of Roman expansion but had agreed to terms of peace with Rome's allies, the Aetolians, in 206 and then with Rome in the Peace of Phoenice of ... Britannica online encyclopedia article on Max Muller: German scholar of comparative language, religion, and mythology. M uuml;ller's special areas of interest were Sanskrit philology and the religions of India. born Dec. 6, 1823, Dessau, duchy of Anhalt [Germany] died Oct. 28, 1900, Oxford, Eng. Photograph:Max M ller Max M ller Courtesy of the Curator of the Senior Common Room, Christ Church, Oxford in full Friedrich Max M ller German scholar of comparative language, religion, and mythology. M ller's special areas of interest were Sanskrit philology and the religions of India. Special Offer! Activate a FREE trial to Britannica Online, your complete (re)search engine for when you need to be right. Life and chief works The son of Wilhelm M ller, a noted poet, Max M ller was educated in Sanskrit, the classical language of India, and other languages in Leipzig, Berlin, and Paris. He moved to England in 1846 and settled in Oxford in 1848, where he became deputy professor of modern languages in 1850. He was appointed professor of comparative philology in 1868 and retired in 1875. M ller was instrumental in editing and translating into English some of the most significant religious texts of Asia. Especially noteworthy are his edition of the great collection of Sanskrit hymns the Rigveda, Rig-Veda-samhit : The Sacred Hymns of the Br hmans (6 vol., 1849 74); his work as editor of the 51-volume series of translations The Sacred Books of the East; and his initial editorial efforts for the series Sacred Books of the Buddhists. In addition, M ller was an important early proponent of a study that he called the science of religion ; indeed, some credit him with founding that study. His most important writings on the subject include Essays on the Science of Religion (1869), vol. 1 of Chips from a German Workshop; Introduction to the Science of Religion (1873); and Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion (1878). German scholar Muller, Hermann Joseph American geneticist best remembered for his demonstration that mutations and hereditary changes can be caused by X rays striking the genes and chromosomes of living cells. His discovery of artificially induced mutations in genes had far-reaching consequences, and he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1946. Henotheism, or kathenotheism from the monotheism article Henotheism (from Greek heis theos, one god ) a belief in worship of one god, though the existence of other gods is granted also called kathenotheism (Greek kath hena theon, one god at a time ) which literally implies worship of various gods one at a time has gone out of fashion as a term. It was introduced by the eminent 19th-century philologist and scholar in ... Darmesteter, James French scholar noted for ancient Iranian language studies, especially his English and French translations of the Avesta, the sacred scripture of Zoroastrianism. More results 1 Student Encyclopedia Britannica articles, specially written for elementary and high school students Planck, Max (1858 1947). Awarded the Nobel prize for physics in 1918, German physicist Max Planck is best remembered as the originator of the quantum theory (see Quantum Mechanics). His work helped usher in a new era in theoretical physics and revolutionized the scientific community's understanding of atomic and subatomic processes. Britannica online encyclopedia article on speed skiing: competitive skiing event in which racers equipped with special short skis, skintight suits, and aerodynamic helmets compete to achieve the fastest speed on a steep, straight, and meticulously prepared track. A dangerous pastime, it is frequently billed as the fastest nonmotorized sport on earth. Special Offer! Activate a FREE trial to Britannica Online Pollution is a special case of habitat destruction; it is chemical destruction rather than the more obvious physical destruction. Pollution occurs in all habitats land, sea, and fresh water and in the atmosphere. Global warming, which is discussed separately below (see Global change), is one consequence of the increasing pollution of the atmosphere by emissions of carbon dioxide and other gases. Special Offer! Activate a FREE trial to Britannica Online, your complete (re)search engine for when you need to be right. Pollution is a global-scale problem, no less so for rivers and marine life. Wastes are often dumped into rivers, and they end up in estuaries and coastal habitats, regions that support the most diverse shallow-water ecosystems and the most productive fisheries. Rivers receive pollution directly from factories that dump a wide variety of wastes into them. They also receive runoff, which is rainwater that has passed over and through the soil while moving toward the rivers. In fact, water entering rivers after it has been used for irrigation has passed through the soil more than once first as runoff, which is then returned to the land for irrigation, whereupon it soaks through the soil again. Some polluted river water eventually reaches freshwater wetlands. In the case of the Florida Everglades, runoff from the agricultural areas upstream adds unwanted nutrients to an ecosystem that is naturally nutrient-poor. As it does so, the vegetation changes, and species not common in the Everglades begin to take over the natural habitats. Other polluted waters reach estuaries on the way to the oceans; estuaries are among the most polluted ecosystems on Earth. On entering the oceans, the polluted waters can harm the ecosystems there. The Mississippi River, for example, drains a basin of more than 3 million square km (1.2 million square miles), delivering its water, sediments, and nutrients and other pollutants into the northern Gulf of Mexico. Fresh water is less dense than salt water and floats on top. This upper layer contains the nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers that have run off croplands, and they fertilize the ocean's phytoplankton, causing excessive population growth. As the masses of phytoplankton die, sink, and decompose, they deplete the water's oxygen. Bottom dwellers such as shrimp, crabs, starfish, and marine worms suffocate and die, creating a dead zone. Such conditions also occur in Europe's Baltic, Adriatic, and Black seas. The Baltic has gone from being naturally nutrient-poor and diverse in species to being nutrient-rich and degraded in its ecosystems within a few decades. In the Adriatic Sea, rising nutrient levels have generated a large increase in phytoplankton. Nutrients in the runoff flowing into the Black Sea seem to be contributing factors in the invasion and subsequent massive increase since the 1980s of the comb jelly Mnemiopsis leidyi. This has caused the decline of native species and fisheries. Similar nutrient enrichment has led to increasing frequencies of toxic blooms of microscopic organisms such as Pfiesteria piscicida in the eastern United States, a dinoflagellate that kills fish and has been reported to cause skin rashes and other maladies in humans. Rising levels of pollution may have also contributed to a wave of outbreaks of diseases affecting marine life. Caribbean coral reefs have been particularly affected, with successive waves of disease propagating throughout the region in recent decades. The result has been large declines in two species of major reef-building corals, Acropora cervicornis and A. palmata, and the herbivorous sea urchin Diadema antillarum. Their combined loss has transformed Caribbean reefs from high-coral, low-algae ecosystems to high-algae, low-coral ones. The latter type of ecosystems support far fewer species. Copy and paste this code into your page 1105 Start your free trial Shop the Britannica Store! More from Britannica on "conservation :: Pollution"... 74 Encyclop dia Britannica articles, from the full 32 volume encyclopedia Wildlife Conservation from the The Environment article In January 2001 Mexico's former environment secretary Julia Carabias Lillo received the J. Paul Getty Wildlife Conservation Prize from the World Wildlife Fund (WWF). Carabias Lillo (seeBiographies) was credited with doubling the protected-habitat system in Mexico. Thirty years of conservation effort were rewarded in March when the birth of a male golden tamarin ... Despite numerous conservation efforts in 1997, evidence pointed to a continued decline in almost all species worldwide. The 1996 Red List of Threatened Animals issued by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources identified 5, 205 species in danger of extinction. In tropical forests alone, for example, biologists estimated that three species ... Conservation problems from the Europe article Pressure on space, hunting, either for sport or to protect crops, the pollution of sea waters and fresh waters, and the contamination of cropland have so reduced many animal species that strong efforts are now being made to preserve those threatened with extinction, in such refuges where they still, precariously, live. from the water article Unlike many of the world's natural resources, water is a replenishable resource (see Rainfall). However, it is vitally important that humans conserve water and help to maintain the quality of water by discontinuing practices that contaminate and pollute the supply faster than it can replenish itself. (See also Conservation.) Water Pollution from the pollution, environmental article Since the beginning of civilization, water has been used to carry away unwanted refuse. Rivers, streams, canals, lakes, and oceans are currently used as receptacles for every imaginable kind of pollution. Water has the capacity to break down or dissolve many materials, especially organic compounds, which decompose during prolonged contact with bacteria and enzymes. Waste ... Conservation and Restoration from the museum and gallery article The preservation of a cultural heritage is the most ancient of a museum's functions. Conservation is the job of protecting the collection as a whole against damage or alteration by such environmental causes as pollution, light, or humidity; chemical and biological processes; and human carelessness. Restoration is concerned with repairing specific objects or returning them ... Britannica online encyclopedia article on conservation, Introduced species: The case histories previously discussed often implicate introduced species as a cause of species extinctions. Humans have spread species deliberately as they colonized new areas, just one example being the Polynesians as they settled the eastern Pacific Islands. New Yorkers in the 1890s wanted all the birds in Shakespeare's works to inhabit the city's Central Park, and they introduced the starling (Sturnus vulgaris) to North America as a consequence. Through the centuries hunters have demanded exotic birds and mammals to shoot, fishermen have wanted challenging fish, and gardeners have wanted beautiful flowers. Nonetheless, the consequences in some cases have been devastating. Cacti and the shrub Lantana camara, for example, which were introduced as ornamental plants, have destroyed huge areas of grazing land worldwide. AIDS Guam crow kingfisher flycatcher rail fantail white-eye dove honeyeater swiftlet Islands domestic cat chestnut chestnut blight stifftail article 176 Shopping New! Britannica Book of the Year The Ultimate Review of 2007. 2007 Britannica Encyclopedia Set (32-Volume Set) Revised, updated, and still unrivaled. New! Britannica 2008 Ultimate DVD/CD-ROM The world's premier software reference source. conservation Introduced species Encyclop dia Britannica Article Page 26 of 61 Print Page Print Article E-mail Article Cite Article Send comments or suggest changes to this article Share article with your Readers The pathology of extinction Factors that cause extinction Introduced species Photograph:Common starling (Sturnus vulgaris). Common starling (Sturnus vulgaris). Special Offer! Activate a FREE trial to Britannica Online 61 Cygni first star whose distance from Earth (about 11 light-years) was measured (by Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel in 1838). The star is a visual binary the ... 9to5, National Association of Working Women organization established in 1973 and dedicated to improving the working conditions and ensuring the rights of women office workers in the United ... About Us | Privacy Policy | Terms of Use | Legal Notices | Contact Us | Britannica Store | Become an Affiliate | Syndication | International Publishing | Webmaster | Advertise with Us | Partner with Us | Test Prep | RSS Feed: XML Britannica online encyclopedia article on human genome: all of the approximately three billion base pairs of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that make up the entire set of chromosomes of the human organism. The human genome includes the coding regions of DNA, which encode all the genes (about 25, 000) of the human organism, as well as the noncoding regions of DNA, which do not encode any genes. By 2003 the DNA sequence of the entire human genome was known. Social impacts of human genome research Print this Table of Contents Linked Articles polymerase chain reaction article 176 Shopping New! Britannica Book of the Year The Ultimate Review of 2007. 2007 Britannica Encyclopedia Set (32-Volume Set) Revised, updated, and still unrivaled. Special Offer! Activate a FREE trial to Britannica Online, your complete (re)search engine for when you need to be right. The human genome, like the genomes of all other living animals, is a collection of long polymers of DNA. These polymers are maintained in duplicate copy in the form of chromosomes in every human cell and encode in their sequence of constituent bases (guanine [G], adenine [A], thymine [T], and cytosine [C]) the details of the molecular and physical characteristics that form the corresponding organism. The sequence of these polymers, their organization and structure, and the chemical modifications they contain not only provide the machinery needed to express the information held within the genome but also provide the genome with the capability to replicate, repair, package, and otherwise maintain itself. In addition, the genome is essential for the survival of the human organism; without it no cell or tissue could live beyond a short period of time. For example, red blood cells (erythrocytes), which live for only about 120 days, and skin cells, which on average live for only about 17 days, must be renewed to maintain the viability of the human body, and it is within the genome that the fundamental information for the renewal of these cells, and many other types of cells, is found. The human genome is not uniform. Excepting identical (monozygous) twins, no two humans on Earth share exactly the same genomic sequence. Further, the human genome is not static. Subtle and sometimes not so subtle changes arise with startling frequency. Some of these changes are neutral or even advantageous; these are passed from parent to child and eventually become commonplace in the population. Other changes may be detrimental, resulting in reduced survival or decreased fertility of those individuals who harbour them; these changes tend to be rare in the population. The genome of modern humans, therefore, is a record of the trials and successes of the generations that have come before. Reflected in the variation of the modern genome is the range of diversity that underlies what are typical traits of the human species. There is also evidence in the human genome of the continuing burden of detrimental variations that sometimes lead to disease. Knowledge of the human genome provides an understanding of the origin of the human species, the relationships between subpopulations of humans, and the health tendencies or disease risks of individual humans. Indeed, in the past 20 years knowledge of the sequence and structure of the human genome has revolutionized many fields of study, including medicine, anthropology, and forensics. With technological advances that enable inexpensive and expanded access to genomic information, the amount of and the potential applications for the information that is extracted from the human genome is extraordinary. Role of the human genome in research Video:Specific segments of DNA are amplified (copied) in a laboratory using polymerase chain reaction Specific segments of DNA are amplified (copied) in a laboratory using polymerase chain reaction Encyclop dia Britannica, Inc. Since the 1980s there has been an explosion in genetic and genomic research. The combination of the discovery of the polymerase chain reaction, improvements in DNA sequencing technologies, advances in bioinformatics (mathematical biological analysis), and increased availability of faster, cheaper computing power has given scientists the ability to discern and interpret vast amounts of genetic information from tiny samples of biological material. Further, methodologies such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) have enabled the detection of the organization and copy number of specific sequences in a given genome. Understanding the origin of the human genome is of particular interest to many researchers since the genome is indicative of the evolution of humans. The public availability of full or almost full genomic sequence databases for humans and a multitude of other species has allowed researchers to compare and contrast genomic information between individuals, populations, and species. From the similarities and differences observed, it is possible to track the origins of the human genome and to see evidence of how the human species has expanded and migrated to occupy the planet. Copy and paste this code into your page 1105 Start your free trial Shop the Britannica Store! More from Britannica on "human genome"... 137 Encyclop dia Britannica articles, from the full 32 volume encyclopedia human genome all of the approximately three billion base pairs of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that make up the entire set of chromosomes of the human organism. The human genome includes the coding regions of DNA, which encode all the genes (about 25, 000) of the human organism, as well as the noncoding regions of DNA, which do not encode any genes. By 2003 the DNA sequence of the ... Human Genome Project an international collaboration that successfully determined, stored, and rendered publicly available the sequences of almost all the genetic content of the chromosomes of the human organism, otherwise known as the human genome. Human Genome Project:Road Map for Science and Medicine Certain to rank among the all-time landmarks of human technical achievement, the completion of a rough draft of the sequence of the human nuclear genome was announced in June 2000. Its significance and ramifications for science and society are both broad and profound, and, as with any empowering technical advance, the challenge that now faces humanity, both as individuals ... Origins of the human genome from the human genome article Comparisons of specific DNA sequences between humans and their closest living relative, the chimpanzee, reveal 99 percent identity, although the homology drops to 96 percent if insertions and deletions in the organization of those sequences are taken into account. This degree of sequence variation between humans and chimpanzees is only about 10-fold greater than that seen ... football (soccer) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia Britannica online encyclopedia article on football (soccer): game in which two teams of 11 players, using any part of their bodies except their hands and arms, try to maneuver the ball into the opposing team's goal. Only the goalkeeper is permitted to handle the ball and may do so only within the penalty area surrounding the goal. The team that scores more goals wins. Collapse all Introduction History The early years Professionalism International organization Football around the world Regional traditions Europe North and Central America and the Caribbean South America Africa Asia and Oceania Spectator problems Play of the game Equipment and field of play Fouls Rules Strategy and tactics Additional Reading Print this Table of Contents article 176 monebaggasse